MURDER BY TREACHERY IN ISLAMIC AND INDONESIAN CRIMINAL LAW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v25i2.2039Keywords:
Indonesian criminal law, Islamic criminal law, qatl al-gh?lah, qi???Abstract
This study examines the concept of qatl al-gh?lah (murder by treachery) in Islamic criminal law and its relevance to the reform of Indonesia’s national criminal law. The phenomenon of qatl al-gh?lah is an essential issue in the study of Islamic criminal law because it has characteristics that differ from other types of murder. From the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh jin?yah), this crime is classified as murder whose punishment can only be enforced through qi??? and ??cannot be removed even if the victim’s family forgives. The relevance of this issue becomes increasingly evident when linked to several cases in Indonesia, such as the murder of Affan Kurniawan by a police officer, the Ferdy Sambo case, the KM 50 incident, and various other cases that demonstrate the weak protection of public security. However, previous studies rarely connect the normative concept of qatl al-gh?lah with practical issues in Indonesian positive criminal law, resulting in a gap in understanding how treachery-based murder should be legally qualified. Using a qualitative, normative approach through a literature review and case analysis, this study finds that qatl al-gh?lah warrants urgent attention in inspiring national criminal law reform. Its primary contribution is to provide a conceptual foundation for discussing the special category of murder based on exceptions, thereby integrating Islamic values of justice into the Indonesian criminal law system.
Downloads
References
Journals
Abdul Muthalib, Salman, Tarmizi M. Jakfar, Muhammad Maulana, and Lukman Hakim. “Changes in Congregational Prayer Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Aceh from Maqashid Al-Sharia Perspective.” AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 16, no. 2 (December 2021): 421–49. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v16i2.5250.
Adyan, Antory Royan, and Ariesta Wibisono Anditya. “Legal Reforms on Femicide in Indonesia: The New Criminal Code, Victim Protection, and the Role of Islamic Law.” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 6, no. 2 (April 2025): 617–58. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i2.18939.
Aimone, Jason, Sheryl Ball, and Brooks King-Casas. “The Betrayal Aversion Elicitation Task: An Individual Level Betrayal Aversion Measure.” Edited by Daniel Houser. PLOS ONE 10, no. 9 (September 2015): e0137491. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137491.
Akande, Rabiat. “Debating Diya: Indirect Rule and the Transformation of Islamic Law in British Colonial Northern Nigeria.” Die Welt des Islams 65, no. 2–3 (July 2024): 161–90. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20240013.
Al-Ghazz?l?, Ab? ??mid Mu?ammad Ibn Mu?ammad. Al-Musta?f? Min ‘Ilm Al-U??l. Beirut: D?r al-Fikr, n.d.
Al-Nafr?w?, A?mad Ibn Gh?nim Ibn S?lim Ibn Mihn? Shih?b al-D?n. Al-Faw?kih Al-Diw?n? ‘al? Ris?lah Ibn Ab? Zayd Al-Qayraw?n?. D?r al-Fikr, 1995.
Al-Sh?fi’?, Mu?ammad Ibn Idr?s. Al-Umm. 1st ed. Beirut: D?r al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2009.
Al-Sh??ib?, Ab? Is??q Ibr?h?m bin M?s? Bin Mu?ammad. Al-Muw?faq?t F? U??l Al-Shar?‘Ah. Arab Saudi: D?r Ibn ‘Aff?n, 1997.
Al-Shirb?n?, Mu?ammad al-Kha??b. Mughn? Al-Mu?t?j. Beirut: D?r Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2000.
Ali, Mahrus, Andi Muliyono, Wawan Sanjaya, and Ari Wibowo. “Compensation and Restitution for Victims of Crime in Indonesia: Regulatory Flaws, Judicial Response, and Proposed Solution.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2069910.
Ali, Muhammad, and Farhana. “Perlindungan Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Korban Unlawful Killing Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Di Indonesia.” Reformasi Hukum 27, no. 1 (April 2023): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.46257/jrh.v27i1.601.
Anderson, J. N. D. “Homicide in Islamic Law.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 13, no. 4 (February 1951): 811–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00124061.
Aruqaj, Bujar. “An Integrated Approach to the Conceptualisation and Measurement of Social Cohesion.” Social Indicators Research 168, no. 1–3 (August 2023): 227–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03110-z.
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid Al-Shari’ah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2010.
Bancin, Muhammad Al Amin, and Sudirman Suparmin. “An Examination of Attempted Murder in Islamic Criminal Law.” Jurnal Daulat Hukum 7, no. 3 (November 2024): 319–26. https://doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v7i3.40635.
Bone, Sholihin, Rizki Rahayu Fitri, Citra Cahyaning, Solehuddin Solehuddin, and Anna Maria. “Power Dynamics and Social Relations in Law Enforcement: A Critical Theory Perspective on the Ferdy Sambo Case.” Constitutional Law Review 3, no. 2 (October 2024): 148–63. https://doi.org/10.30863/clr.v3i2.5642.
Butt, Simon. “Indonesia’s New Criminal Code: Indigenising and Democratising Indonesian Criminal Law?” Griffith Law Review 32, no. 2 (April 2023): 190–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2023.2243772.
Casewit, Yousef. “Al-Ghaz?l?’s Virtue Ethical Theory of the Divine Names: The Theological Underpinnings of the Doctrine of Takhalluq in Al-Maq?ad Al-Asn?.” Journal of Islamic Ethics 4, no. 1–2 (December 2020): 155–200. https://doi.org/10.1163/24685542-12340042.
Corda, Alessandro. “The Legitimacy of Criminal Law and the Performance Crises of Penality.” Criminal Law Forum 36, no. 2 (June 2025): 351–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-025-09509-2.
Dusuki, Asyraf Wajdi, and Nurdianawati Irwani Abdullah. “Maqasid Al-Shari`ah, Maslahah, and Corporate Social Responsibility.” American Journal of Islam and Society 24, no. 1 (January 2007): 25–45. https://doi.org/10.35632/AJIS.V24I1.415.
Efendi, Jonaedi. “Application of Procedural Justice vis-à-vis Substantive Justice in Law Enforcement.” Arena Hukum 17, no. 2 (August 2024): 270–89. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum2024.01702.3.
Elfia, Elfia, Nurus Shalihin, Surwati Surwati, Yan Fajri, and Aulia Rahmat. “Institutionalizing Maq?sid ?ifz Al-Na?l within the Minangkabau Inheritance Framework.” Ijtihad?: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 24, no. 2 (December 2024): 193–222. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v24i2.193-222.
Fatihaturrahmah, Yuke, Irfani Fithria Ummul Muzayanah, Putu Angga Widyastaman, Kenny Devita Indraswari, and Djoni Hartono. “The Guardians: The Role of Social Capital in Crime Victimization in Indonesia.” Social Indicators Research 178, no. 1 (May 2025): 581–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-025-03606-w.
Firdaus, Muhammad, Chryshnanda Dwilaksana, and Muhammad Daffa Auliarizky Onielda. “Shifting Polri’s Law Enforcement Strategy: Restorative Justice for Public Trust.” Jurnal Media Hukum 30, no. 2 (October 2023): 153–70. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v30i2.18628.
Gunaldi Ahmad, M. Atho Mudzhar, Maskur Rosyid, and Mhd Rasid Ritonga. “The Death Penalty in Extraordinary Crimes: A Study on Killing Deception (Qatl Al-Gh?lah).” Hikmatuna?: Journal for Integrative Islamic Studies 9, no. 1 (June 2023): 14–29. https://doi.org/10.28918/hikmatuna.v9i1.945.
Habi, Nuraida Fitri, Rabiatul Adawiyah, Hermanto Harun, and Ardian Kurniawan. “Prioritizing Restorative Justice in the Settlement of the Sumbang Besak Adultery Case in Babeko Village, Jambi.” El-Mashlahah 14, no. 2 (2024): 343–60. https://doi.org/10.23971/el-mashlahah.v14i2.8030.
Hapsin, Abu, and Nazar Nurdin. “Diat and Peace Money in the Crime of Culpable Homicide.” Al-Ahkam 32, no. 2 (October 2022): 189–210. https://doi.org/10.21580/AHKAM.2022.32.2.12413.
Hasanudin, Maulana. “The Role of Judges in Dealing with Community Development.” Walisongo Law Review (Walrev) 2, no. 2 (November 2020): 195. https://doi.org/10.21580/walrev.2020.2.2.6597.
Husni, Ahmad Bin Muhammad, Amir Husin Bin Mohd Nor, Abdel Wadoud Moustaf Moursi El-, Ibnor Azli Ibrahim, Hayatullah Laluddin, Muhammad Adib Samsudin, Anwar Fakhri Omar, and Muhammad Nazir Alias. “Relationship of Maqasid Al-Shariah with Qisas and Diyah: Analytical View.” The Social Sciences 7, no. 5 (May 2012): 725–30. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2012.725.730.
Ibn ‘?sh?r, Mu?ammad ??hir. Maq??id Al-Shar?’ah Al-Isl?miyyah. Beirut: D?r al-Kit?b al-Lubn?n?, 2004.
Ibn Miskawayh, A?mad Ibn Mu?ammad. The Refinement of Character = Tahdhib Al-Akhlaq. Edited by Sayyed Hossein Nasr. Chicago: Great Books of the Islamic World, 2003.
Ibrahim, Zumiyati Sanu, Suud Sarim Karimullah, Andi Istiqlal Assaad, Rina Septiani, and Huseyin Okur. “Integration of Maqa?id Al-Shari’ah in the Criminal Law Reform to Achieve Justice and Human Dignity.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 23, no. 1 (2025): 105–44. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v23i1.04.
ICJR. “[RILIS KOALISI] Penyampaian Temuan Awal Kasus Kematian Driver Ojek Online Affan Kurniawan Akibat Dilindas Oleh Rantis Rimueng Personil Brimob Polri.” icjr.or.id, 2025.
Jauhari, Syafah Diyana, Erna Dewi, Heni Siswanto, and Tontowi Jauhari. “Criminal Liability for Murder of Individuals with Schizophrenia.” Ijtimaiyya: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam 18, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.24042/ijpmi.v18i1.27400.
Kamalludin, Iqbal. “Restoration Of Pancasila Values Against Criminal Law Reform Strategy In Indonesia: A Political Perspective Of Islamic Law.” Syariah 22, no. 1 (2022): 31–47.
Kayadibi, Saim. “The State as an Essential Value (?ar?riyy?t) of the Maq??id Al-Shar?‘Ah.” AHKAM?: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 19, no. 1 (July 2019). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v19i1.6256.
Koehler, Jonathan J, and Andrew D Gershoff. “Betrayal Aversion: When Agents of Protection Become Agents of Harm.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 90, no. 2 (March 2003): 244–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00518-6.
Krismiyarsi, Krismiyarsi, and Rayno Dwi Adityo. “The Urgency of Community Service Imposed as Punishment on Juvenile Delinquents: A Study of Al-Shatibi’s Maqhasid Al-Syariah Concept.” De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah 17, no. 1 (April 2025): 132–48. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v17i1.31246.
Lemraski, Mohaddeseh Sadeghian, Kalantari Kalantari, and Iraj Goldoozian. “Murder License for Murder in the March; Reiterated in 2013 Approved Islamic Penal Code Regarding Mahdur Al-Damm (Deserving Death).” AHKAM?: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 19, no. 2 (December 2019): 349–72. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v19i2.10810.
Mahsun, Mahsun. “Rekonstruksi Pemikiran Hukum Islam Melalui Integrasi Metode Klasik Dengan Metode Saintifik Modern.” Al-Ahkam 25, no. 1 (April 2015): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21580/AHKAM.2015.1.25.191.
Menski, Werner F. Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Moazzam, Dayyan, and Gafi Ahmad Attirmidzi. “Analysis of the Application of Qis?a?s in Murder Cases: A Normative Study of the Views of the Four Schools of Thought.” SYARIAT: Akhwal Syaksiyah, Jinayah, Siyasah and Muamalah 2, no. 1 (April 2025): 34–41. https://doi.org/10.35335/emtjxt07.
Nasyi’ah, Iffaty, Saifullah, Khoirul Hidayah, Roibin, and Rayno Dwi Adityo. “Penal Sanctions for Psychological Domestic Violence under Utilitarianism Theory: A New Sentencing Paradigm in the 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code.” El-Usrah 8, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.22373/3km2wr98.
Nur Muhammad Tahmid. “Justice in Islamic Criminal Law: Study of the Concept and Meaning of Justice in The Law of Qi???.” Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum 55, no. 2 (October 2021): 335–65. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v55i2.1011.
Nurcahyo, Nanang, Ricky Ricky, and Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea Manitra. “Reform of the Criminal Law System in Indonesia Which Prioritizes Substantive Justice.” Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice 2, no. 1 (April 2024): 89–108. https://doi.org/10.62264/jlej.v2i1.91.
Riyadi, Sugeng, and Beny Timor Prasetyo. “Kebijakan Moderasi Pidana Mati Dalam RUU KUHP Perspektif Nilai-Nilai Pancasila.” Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi 4, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v4i2.5329.
Rizaty, Monavia Ayu. “Survei LSI: Kepercayaan Publik Kepada Polri Anjlok Menjadi 53%.” dataindonesia.Id, 2022.
Rofingi, Rofingi, Umi Rozah, and Adifyan Rahmat Asga. “Problems of Law Enforcement in Realizing The Principle of Equality Before The Law in Indonesia.” LAW REFORM 18, no. 2 (August 2022): 222–37. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i2.47477.
Ross, Catherine E. “Collective Threat, Trust, and the Sense of Personal Control.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52, no. 3 (September 2011): 287–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146511404558.
Rosyid, Maskur, and M. Nurul Irfan. “Reading Fatwas of MUI: A Perspective of Maslahah Concept.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 19, no. 1 (June 2019): 91–117. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v19i1.2726.
Schaefer, David Lewis. “Procedural Versus Substantive Justice: Rawls and Nozick.” Social Philosophy and Policy 24, no. 1 (January 2007): 164–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052507070070.
Sekarsari, Nesha Sarah Riskiqa, and Jufryanto Puluhulawa. “Legal Review of Ferdy Sambo Decision From the Perspective of Justice of the Offender.” Estudiante Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.33756/eslaj.v1i1.23642.
Singgih, Viriya. “Pembunuhan Affan Kurniawan: Sebuah Kegilaan Di Jalan Penjernihan.” projectmultatuli.org, 2025.
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, and Siti Aminah. “Restorative Justice for Juvenile Offenders in Indonesia: A Study of Psychological Perspective and Islamic Law.” Journal of Islamic Law 2, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v2i2.335.
Supardin and Abdul Syatar. “Adultery Criminalization Spirit in Islamic Criminal Law: Alternatives in Indonesia’s Positive Legal System Reform.” Samarah 5, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9353.
Taliep, M Ighsaan. “A Comparative Study of Intentional Homicide (Al-Qatl Al-?Amd) in Shar??ah and the Modern Human Rights Concept of Right to Life for Murderers.” AL-WASA?YYAH: IPSA Journal of Islamic Studies 1, no. 1 (November 2022): 81–100. https://doi.org/10.58409/ipsajis.vi1.8.
Transparency International Indonesia. “Corruption Perception Index 2023.” Jakarta, 2024.
Vuori, Miika, James Hawdon, Oksanen Atte, and Pekka Räsänen. “Collective Crime as a Source of Social Solidarity: A Tentative Test of a Functional Model for Responses to Mass Violence.” Western Criminology Review 14, no. 3 (2013): 1–15.
Wahid, Abdul, Amiruddin Hanafi, and Syachdin Syachdin. “Integration of Local and Universal Values in Indonesian Criminal Law Reform.” Academia Open 10, no. 2 (July 2025). https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.11335.
Wasim, Arif Al. “Maqashid Syari’ah Menjawab Tantangan Post-Truth Era: Urgensi Hif? Al-‘Aql Sebagai Penyaring Informasi.” International Journal Ihya’Ulum Al-Din 21, no. 2 (February 2020): 143–57. https://doi.org/10.21580/ihya.21.2.4831.
Wright, Brian. “Homicide and Islamic Criminal Law in 19th Century Muslim Jurisdictions.” McGill University, 2019.
Yahya, Imam. “Eksekusi Hukuman Mati Tinjauan Maq??id Al-Shar?’ah Dan Keadilan.” Al-Ahkam 23, no. 1 (April 2013): 81. https://doi.org/10.21580/AHKAM.2013.23.1.74.
Zahrah, Mu?ammad Ab?. Zahrah Al-Taf?sir. Beirut: D?r al-Fikr al-‘Arab?, n.d.
Zakiyah, Ninik, Patrick Corputty, Feby Amalia Hutabarat, Irfan Amir, and Adventi Ferawati Sembiring. “Paradigmatic Study of the Supreme Court’s Downgrade Decision in the Case of Premeditated Murder of Nofriansyah Yosua Hutabarat.” Al-Bayyinah 8, no. 2 (December 2024): 276–93. https://doi.org/10.30863/al-bayyinah.v8i2.7452.
Books
Anas, M?lik Ibn. Al-Mudawanah Al-Kubr?. Beirut: D?r Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1994.
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid Al-Shari’ah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2010.
Al-Ghazz?l?, Ab? ??mid Mu?ammad Ibn Mu?ammad. Al-Musta?f? Min ‘Ilm Al-U??l. Beirut: D?r al-Fikr, n.d.
Ibn ‘?sh?r, Mu?ammad ??hir. Maq??id Al-Shar?’ah Al-Isl?miyyah. Beirut: D?r al-Kit?b al-Lubn?n?, 2004.
Ibn Miskawayh, A?mad Ibn Mu?ammad. The Refinement of Character = Tahdhib Al-Akhlaq. Edited by Sayyed Hossein Nasr. Chicago: Great Books of the Islamic World, 2003.
Menski, Werner F. Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Al-Nafr?w?, A?mad Ibn Gh?nim Ibn S?lim Ibn Mihn? Shih?b al-D?n. Al-Faw?kih Al-Diw?n? ‘al? Ris?lah Ibn Ab? Zayd Al-Qayraw?n?. D?r al-Fikr, 1995.
Al-Qur?ub?, Mu?ammad Ibn A?mad Ibn Mu?ammad Ibn A?mad Ibn Rushd. Bid?yah Al-Mujtahid Wa Al-Nih?yah Al-Muqta?id. Beirut: D?r Ibn ?azm, 1995.
Rushd, Ab? al-W?lid Mu?ammad Ibn. Al-Bay?n Wa Al-Ta???l Wa Al-Shar? Wa Al-Tawj? Wa Al-Ta’l?l F? Mas?`il Al-Mustakhrajah. Beirut: D?r al-Gharb al-Isl?m?, 1988.
———. Bid?yah Al-Mujtahid Wa Nih?yah Al-Muqta?id. Beirut: D?r al-Fikr, n.d.
Al-Sh?fi’?, Mu?ammad Ibn Idr?s. Al-Umm. 1st ed. Beirut: D?r al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2009.
Al-Sh??ib?, Ab? Is??q Ibr?h?m bin M?s? Bin Mu?ammad. Al-Muw?faq?t F? U??l Al-Shar?‘Ah. Arab Saudi: D?r Ibn ‘Aff?n, 1997.
Al-Shirb?n?, Mu?ammad al-Kha??b. Mughn? Al-Mu?t?j. Beirut: D?r Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2000.
Wright, Brian. “Homicide and Islamic Criminal Law in 19th Century Muslim Jurisdictions.” McGill University, 2019. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/8336h399g.pdf.
Zahrah, Mu?ammad Ab?. Zahrah Al-Taf?sir. Beirut: D?r al-Fikr al-‘Arab?, n.d. https://shamela.ws/book/37071/2782.
Websites
ICJR. “[RILIS KOALISI] Penyampaian Temuan Awal Kasus Kematian Driver Ojek Online Affan Kurniawan Akibat Dilindas Oleh Rantis Rimueng Personil Brimob Polri.” icjr.or.id, 2025.
Rizaty, Monavia Ayu. “Survei LSI: Kepercayaan Publik Kepada Polri Anjlok Menjadi 53%.” dataindonesia.Id, 2022. https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/survei-lsi-kepercayaan-publik-kepada-polri-anjlok-menjadi-53.
Singgih, Viriya. “Pembunuhan Affan Kurniawan: Sebuah Kegilaan Di Jalan Penjernihan.” projectmultatuli.org, 2025.
Transparency International Indonesia. “Corruption Perception Index 2023.” Jakarta, 2024. https://files.transparencycdn.org/images/CPI-2023-Report.pdf.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Nurul Irfan, Maskur Rosyid, Muhammad Fauzinudin Faiz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
