Early Marriage, Human Rights, and the Living Fiqh: A Maqasid al-Shariʻa Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v20i1.565Keywords:
Early Marriage, Human Rights, Living Fiqh, MaqÄá¹£id al-SharÄ«Ê»aAbstract
Human rights activists and the educated urban society strongly criticize the practice of early marriage, including the classical fiqh on which it is based. They have repeatedly proposed amendments to article 7 of the Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning age restrictions on marriage. This paper is a response to these groups’ views with the formulations, first, what are the factors and the problems of early marriage and their status in the perspective of maqÄá¹£id al-sharÄ«Ê»a?; second, what worldview that projects the human rights activists’ criticism in the midst of living fiqh and maqÄá¹£id al-sharÄ«Ê»aʼs review on it? This paper is a combination of field and literary studies. Samples are taken from the living fiqh or the doctrine of ShÄfiʻī School which exists in the Malay community of Tebo Ulu, Jambi Province and supported by relevant literature. This paper concludes that, in early marriage, the harms are far greater than the benefits. Hence, according to the holistic understanding of maqÄá¹£id al-sharÄ«Ê»a, the marriageable age needs to be regulated by law. However, the above groups’ criticism is not completely justifiable because early marriage is also closely related to the state's failure in improving the welfare of its citizens, providing educational facilities, as well as differences in worldview between human rights activists and article 284 of the Criminal Law Code on adultery and traditional customs of Malay and other Indonesia’s indigenous custom that need to be resolved.
References
Journal Articles
Alavi, Khadijah, Salina Nen, Fauziah Ibrahim, Noremy Md Akhir, Mohd Suhaimi Mohamad, and Noorhasliza Mohd Nordin. “Hamil Luar Nikah Dalam Kalangan Remaja.†E-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan 7, no. 1 (2012): 131–40. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5013/1/khadijah012%28b%29.pdf.
Bennett, Linda Rae. “Early Marriage, Adolescent Motherhood, and Reproductive Rights for Young Sasak Mothers in Lombok.†Wacana 15, no. 1 (2014): 66–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17510/24076899-01501005.
Blackburn, Susan, and Sharon Bessell. “Marriageable Age: Political Debates on Early Marriage in Twentieth-Century Indonesia.†Indonesia, no. 63 (1997): 107–41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351513.
Chandra-Mouli, Venkatraman, Alma Virginia Camacho, and Pierre-André Michaud. “Commentary: WHO Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes Among Adolescents in Developing Countries.†Journal of Adolescent Health 52, no. 5 (2013): 517–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002.
Dagne, Haile Gabriel. “Early Marriage in Northern Ethiopia.†Reproductive Health Matters 2, no. 4 (1994): 35–38.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-8080(94)90006-X.
Delprato, Marcos, Kwame Akyeampong, Ricardo Sabates, and Jimena Hernandez-Fernandez. “On the Impact of Early Marriage on Schooling Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia.†International Journal of Educational Development 44 (2015): 42–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.06.001.
Fadal, Kurdi. “Pernikahan Di Bawah Umur Perspektif Maqashid Al-Qur’an.†Jurnal Hukum Islam 14, no. 1 (2016): 65–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v0i0.673.
Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana. “Marriage and the Economy.†In Marriage and the Economy: Theory and Evidence from Advanced Industrial Societies, edited by Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman, 1–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Habsjah, Atashendartini. “The Influence of Conservafive Religious Interpretafions on Child Marriage in West Java and East Java.†Rural Women’s Social Education Centre (RUWSEC) - Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW). Jakarta - Kuala Lumpur, 2017.
Halim, Abd, and Muhammad Khaeruddin Hamsin. “Kesenjangan Ketentuan Pernikahan Di Bawah Umur Antara Fikih Munakahat Dan UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan.†Al-Mazahib 5, no. 1 (2017): 53–79. http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/syariah/almazahib/article/view/1391.
Hasanah, Uswatun. “Pengaruh Perkawinan Usia Muda Terhadap Tingkat Perceraian Dini (Studi Kasus Pengadilan Agama Kisaran).†Journal of Science and Social Research 1, no. 1 (2018): 13–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33330/jssr.v1i1.90.
Heaton, Tim B, Mark Cammack, and Larry Young. “Why Is the Divorce Rate Declining in Indonesia?†Journal of Marriage and Family 63, no. 2 (2001): 480–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00480.x.
Heaton, Tim, and Mark Cammack. “Explaining the Recent Upturn in Divorce in Indonesia: Developmental Idealism and the Effect of Political Change.†Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 6 (2011): 776–96.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X619229.
Hidayati, Tatik. “Pendekatan MaqÄṣīd Al-Syarī’ah Pada Tradisi Kawin Anak Di Madura.†‘Anil Islam: Jurnal Kebudayaan Dan Ilmu Keislaman 10, no. 2 (2017): 175–200. https://jurnal.instika.ac.id/index.php/AnilIslam/article/view/64.
Jensen, Robert, and Rebecca Thornton. “Early Female Marriage in the Developing World.†Gender & Development 11, no. 2 (2003): 9–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/741954311.
Jones, Gavin W, Yahya Asari, and Tuti Djuartika. “Divorce in West Java.†Journal of Comparative Family Studies 25, no. 3 (1994): 395–416. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.25.3.395.
Kumala Dewi, Luh Putu Ratih, and Teguh Dartanto. “Natural Disasters and Girls Vulnerability: Is Child Marriage a Coping Strategy of Economic Shocks in Indonesia?†Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 14, no. 1 (2019): 24–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2018.1546025.
Kurniawan, Edi. “Distorsi Terhadap Maqasid al-Syari’ah al-Syatibi di Indonesia.†Al-Risalah 18, no. 2 (2018): 178–79. https://doi.org/10.30631/al-risalah.v18i2.301.
Li, Jiang Hong, and William Lavely. “Rural Economy and Male Marriage in China: Jurong, Jiangsu 1933.†Journal of Family History 20, no. 3 (1995): 289–306.
Mohammad, Kazem, Farideh Khalaj Abadi Farahani, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Siamak Alikhani, Mohammad Zare, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Ali Ramezankhani, Alireza Hasanzadeh, and Hossein Ghanbari. “Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Boys Aged 15–18 Years in Tehran.†Journal of Adolescent Health 41, no. 4 (2007): 407–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.05.003.
Nashuddin, Nashuddin. “Early-Age Marriage in Perpective of Indonesian Islamic Family Law.†Al-Mawarid Journal of Islamic Law 15, no. 2 (2015): 97–122. http://garuda.ristekbrin.go.id/documents/detail/379375.
Nour, Nawal M. “Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa.†Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 11 (2006): 1644–49. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.06051.
Prameswari, Zendy Wulan Ayu Widhi, and Erni Agustin. “Indonesian Marriage Law Reform: The Way to Strengthen the Protection of Children’s Rights against Child Marriage.†JSEAHR 2, no. 1 (2018): 286–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v2i1.5353.
Ratri, Sari Damar. “The Politics of Human Rights in Indonesia’s Child Marriages.†HBS Southeast Asia, 2017. https://th.boell.org/en/2017/06/01/politics-human-rights-indonesias-child-marriages.
Santhya, K G, Shireen J Jejeebhoy, and Saswata Ghosh. “Early Marriage, Sexual and Reproductive Health Risks: Experiences of Young Women and Men in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, India,†2008.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0080.
Saputra, Eko, and Busyro Busyro. “Kawin Maupah: An Obligation to Get Married After Talak Tiga in the Tradition of Binjai Village in Pasaman District: A Maqasid Al-Shari’ah Review.†QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 6, no. 2 (2018): 181–220. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v6i2.3738.
Silbaugh, Katharine B. “Marriage Contracts and the Family Economy.†Nw. UL Rev. 93 (1998): 65.
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/illlr93&div=8&id=&page=.
Tilson, Dana, and Ulla Larsen. “Divorce in Ethiopia: The Impact of Early Marriage and Childlessness.†Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 3 (2000): 355–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000003552.
Tobing, Rudyanti Dorotea. “Prevention of Child Marriage Age in the Perspective of Human Rights.†Sriwijaya Law Review 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–17. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol2.Iss1.107.pp1-17.
Walker, Judith-Ann. “Early Marriage in Africa–trends, Harmful Effects and Interventions.†African Journal of Reproductive Health 16, no. 2 (2012): 231–40. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajrh/article/view/77850.
Dissertations
Aminudin, Asep. “Batas Usia Pernikahan Ditinjau MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah: Kajian Atas Pertimbangan Para Pihak Yang Mengusulkan Dinaikkan Batas Minimal Usia Nikah di Indonesia.†Ph.D Theses: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, 2018.
Basriadi. “Perkawinan Dini Dalam Perspektif Maslahah: Studi Kasus Di Kecamatan Lambandia Kabupaten Kolaka Timur.†Ph.D Theses: IAIN Kendari, 2018. http://digilib.iainkendari.ac.id/1392/.
Books
Al-Ä€midÄ«, Sayf al-DÄ«n. Al-IḥkÄm fÄ« Uṣūl al-AḥkÄm. Vol. III. Saudi Arabiya: DÄr al-á¹¢amÄ«Ê¿Ä«, 2003.
———. MuntahÄ al-SÅ«l fÄ« Ê¿Ilm al-Uṣūl. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 2003.
Al-FÄsÄ«, Ê¿AlÄl. MaqÄá¹£id al-SharÄ«Ê¿ah al-IslÄmiyyah wa MakÄrimuhÄ. DÄr al-Gharb al-IslÄmÄ«, 1993.
Al-GhazÄlÄ«, AbÅ« Ḥamid. Al-Mustaá¹£fÄ Min Ê¿Ilm al-Uṣūl. Cairo: al-Maktabah al-TawfÄ«qiyyah, 2010.
———. IḥyÄ’ Ê»UlÅ«m al-DÄ«n. Vol.3. Cairo: DÄr al-Ê»UlÅ«m al-Ê»Arabiyyah, n.d.
———. ShifÄʾal-GhalÄ«l fÄ« BayÄn al-Shabah wa al-MukhÄ«l wa MasÄlik al-TaÊ¿lÄ«l. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 1999.
Al-IsfahÄnÄ«, Aḥmad. BayÄn al-Mukhtaá¹£ar fÄ« Ê¿Ilmay al-Uṣūl wa al-Jadal. Vol. II. Cairo: DÄr al-ḤadÄ«th, 2006.
Al-JuwaynÄ«, Ê¿Abd AllÄh Ibn YÅ«suf. Al-BurhÄn fÄ« Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Vol. II. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 1997.
Al-RÄzÄ«, Fakhr al-DÄ«n. Al-Maḥṣūl fÄ« Ê¿Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Cairo: DÄr al-SalÄm, 2011.
Al-ShÄá¹ibÄ«, AbÅ« IsḥÄq. Al-MuwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-SharÄ«Ê¿ah. Vol. II. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 2005.
Al-ZarqÄ, Muḥammad, Sharḥ al-QawÄÊ»id al-Fiqhiyyah. Damaskus: DÄr al-Qalam,1989.
Al-ZuḥaylÄ«, Wahbah. Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-IslÄmÄ«. Vol. II. Damaskus: DÄr al Fikr, 2011.
Ali, Mukti, et al. Fiqh Kawin Anak: Membaca Ulang Teks Keagamaan Perkawinan Usia Anak-Anak. Jakarta: Rumah
Kitab, Ford Foundation, dan Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, 2015.
Ibn Ê¿Ä€shÅ«r, Muḥammad al-ṬÄhir. MaqÄá¹£id al-SharÄ«Ê¿ah al-IslÄmiyyah. ed. Muḥammad al-ḤabÄ«b Ibn al-KhÅ«jah. Doha: WizÄrah al-AwqÄf wa al-Shuʾūn al-IslÄmiyyah, 2004.
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Laws
Marriage Law Number 16 of 2019
Marriage Law Number 1 of 1974
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (Criminal Code Book)
Interviews
Baidori, Jambu Resident, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Burhan Al-Badri, Jambu Community Leader, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Heni, Jambu Resident, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Mahendra, Jambu Puskesmas Nurse, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Mawardi, Jambu Resident, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Suhairi, Head of Jambu Village, Tebo Ulu-Tebo District.
Sawadi, Jambu Religious Leader, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Suhairi, Jambu Village Head, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Alavi, Khadijah, Salina Nen, Fauziah Ibrahim, Noremy Md Akhir, Mohd Suhaimi Mohamad, and Noorhasliza Mohd Nordin. “Hamil Luar Nikah Dalam Kalangan Remaja.†E-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan 7, no. 1 (2012): 131–40. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5013/1/khadijah012%28b%29.pdf.
Bennett, Linda Rae. “Early Marriage, Adolescent Motherhood, and Reproductive Rights for Young Sasak Mothers in Lombok.†Wacana 15, no. 1 (2014): 66–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17510/24076899-01501005.
Blackburn, Susan, and Sharon Bessell. “Marriageable Age: Political Debates on Early Marriage in Twentieth-Century Indonesia.†Indonesia, no. 63 (1997): 107–41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351513.
Chandra-Mouli, Venkatraman, Alma Virginia Camacho, and Pierre-André Michaud. “Commentary: WHO Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes Among Adolescents in Developing Countries.†Journal of Adolescent Health 52, no. 5 (2013): 517–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002.
Dagne, Haile Gabriel. “Early Marriage in Northern Ethiopia.†Reproductive Health Matters 2, no. 4 (1994): 35–38.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-8080(94)90006-X.
Delprato, Marcos, Kwame Akyeampong, Ricardo Sabates, and Jimena Hernandez-Fernandez. “On the Impact of Early Marriage on Schooling Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia.†International Journal of Educational Development 44 (2015): 42–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.06.001.
Fadal, Kurdi. “Pernikahan Di Bawah Umur Perspektif Maqashid Al-Qur’an.†Jurnal Hukum Islam 14, no. 1 (2016): 65–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v0i0.673.
Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana. “Marriage and the Economy.†In Marriage and the Economy: Theory and Evidence from Advanced Industrial Societies, edited by Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman, 1–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Habsjah, Atashendartini. “The Influence of Conservafive Religious Interpretafions on Child Marriage in West Java and East Java.†Rural Women’s Social Education Centre (RUWSEC) - Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW). Jakarta - Kuala Lumpur, 2017.
Halim, Abd, and Muhammad Khaeruddin Hamsin. “Kesenjangan Ketentuan Pernikahan Di Bawah Umur Antara Fikih Munakahat Dan UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan.†Al-Mazahib 5, no. 1 (2017): 53–79. http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/syariah/almazahib/article/view/1391.
Hasanah, Uswatun. “Pengaruh Perkawinan Usia Muda Terhadap Tingkat Perceraian Dini (Studi Kasus Pengadilan Agama Kisaran).†Journal of Science and Social Research 1, no. 1 (2018): 13–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33330/jssr.v1i1.90.
Heaton, Tim B, Mark Cammack, and Larry Young. “Why Is the Divorce Rate Declining in Indonesia?†Journal of Marriage and Family 63, no. 2 (2001): 480–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00480.x.
Heaton, Tim, and Mark Cammack. “Explaining the Recent Upturn in Divorce in Indonesia: Developmental Idealism and the Effect of Political Change.†Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 6 (2011): 776–96.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X619229.
Hidayati, Tatik. “Pendekatan MaqÄṣīd Al-Syarī’ah Pada Tradisi Kawin Anak Di Madura.†‘Anil Islam: Jurnal Kebudayaan Dan Ilmu Keislaman 10, no. 2 (2017): 175–200. https://jurnal.instika.ac.id/index.php/AnilIslam/article/view/64.
Jensen, Robert, and Rebecca Thornton. “Early Female Marriage in the Developing World.†Gender & Development 11, no. 2 (2003): 9–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/741954311.
Jones, Gavin W, Yahya Asari, and Tuti Djuartika. “Divorce in West Java.†Journal of Comparative Family Studies 25, no. 3 (1994): 395–416. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.25.3.395.
Kumala Dewi, Luh Putu Ratih, and Teguh Dartanto. “Natural Disasters and Girls Vulnerability: Is Child Marriage a Coping Strategy of Economic Shocks in Indonesia?†Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 14, no. 1 (2019): 24–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2018.1546025.
Kurniawan, Edi. “Distorsi Terhadap Maqasid al-Syari’ah al-Syatibi di Indonesia.†Al-Risalah 18, no. 2 (2018): 178–79. https://doi.org/10.30631/al-risalah.v18i2.301.
Li, Jiang Hong, and William Lavely. “Rural Economy and Male Marriage in China: Jurong, Jiangsu 1933.†Journal of Family History 20, no. 3 (1995): 289–306.
Mohammad, Kazem, Farideh Khalaj Abadi Farahani, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Siamak Alikhani, Mohammad Zare, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Ali Ramezankhani, Alireza Hasanzadeh, and Hossein Ghanbari. “Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Boys Aged 15–18 Years in Tehran.†Journal of Adolescent Health 41, no. 4 (2007): 407–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.05.003.
Nashuddin, Nashuddin. “Early-Age Marriage in Perpective of Indonesian Islamic Family Law.†Al-Mawarid Journal of Islamic Law 15, no. 2 (2015): 97–122. http://garuda.ristekbrin.go.id/documents/detail/379375.
Nour, Nawal M. “Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa.†Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 11 (2006): 1644–49. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.06051.
Prameswari, Zendy Wulan Ayu Widhi, and Erni Agustin. “Indonesian Marriage Law Reform: The Way to Strengthen the Protection of Children’s Rights against Child Marriage.†JSEAHR 2, no. 1 (2018): 286–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v2i1.5353.
Ratri, Sari Damar. “The Politics of Human Rights in Indonesia’s Child Marriages.†HBS Southeast Asia, 2017. https://th.boell.org/en/2017/06/01/politics-human-rights-indonesias-child-marriages.
Santhya, K G, Shireen J Jejeebhoy, and Saswata Ghosh. “Early Marriage, Sexual and Reproductive Health Risks: Experiences of Young Women and Men in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, India,†2008.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0080.
Saputra, Eko, and Busyro Busyro. “Kawin Maupah: An Obligation to Get Married After Talak Tiga in the Tradition of Binjai Village in Pasaman District: A Maqasid Al-Shari’ah Review.†QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 6, no. 2 (2018): 181–220. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v6i2.3738.
Silbaugh, Katharine B. “Marriage Contracts and the Family Economy.†Nw. UL Rev. 93 (1998): 65.
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/illlr93&div=8&id=&page=.
Tilson, Dana, and Ulla Larsen. “Divorce in Ethiopia: The Impact of Early Marriage and Childlessness.†Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 3 (2000): 355–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000003552.
Tobing, Rudyanti Dorotea. “Prevention of Child Marriage Age in the Perspective of Human Rights.†Sriwijaya Law Review 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–17. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol2.Iss1.107.pp1-17.
Walker, Judith-Ann. “Early Marriage in Africa–trends, Harmful Effects and Interventions.†African Journal of Reproductive Health 16, no. 2 (2012): 231–40. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajrh/article/view/77850.
Dissertations
Aminudin, Asep. “Batas Usia Pernikahan Ditinjau MaqÄá¹£id al-Syarī’ah: Kajian Atas Pertimbangan Para Pihak Yang Mengusulkan Dinaikkan Batas Minimal Usia Nikah di Indonesia.†Ph.D Theses: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, 2018.
Basriadi. “Perkawinan Dini Dalam Perspektif Maslahah: Studi Kasus Di Kecamatan Lambandia Kabupaten Kolaka Timur.†Ph.D Theses: IAIN Kendari, 2018. http://digilib.iainkendari.ac.id/1392/.
Books
Al-Ä€midÄ«, Sayf al-DÄ«n. Al-IḥkÄm fÄ« Uṣūl al-AḥkÄm. Vol. III. Saudi Arabiya: DÄr al-á¹¢amÄ«Ê¿Ä«, 2003.
———. MuntahÄ al-SÅ«l fÄ« Ê¿Ilm al-Uṣūl. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 2003.
Al-FÄsÄ«, Ê¿AlÄl. MaqÄá¹£id al-SharÄ«Ê¿ah al-IslÄmiyyah wa MakÄrimuhÄ. DÄr al-Gharb al-IslÄmÄ«, 1993.
Al-GhazÄlÄ«, AbÅ« Ḥamid. Al-Mustaá¹£fÄ Min Ê¿Ilm al-Uṣūl. Cairo: al-Maktabah al-TawfÄ«qiyyah, 2010.
———. IḥyÄ’ Ê»UlÅ«m al-DÄ«n. Vol.3. Cairo: DÄr al-Ê»UlÅ«m al-Ê»Arabiyyah, n.d.
———. ShifÄʾal-GhalÄ«l fÄ« BayÄn al-Shabah wa al-MukhÄ«l wa MasÄlik al-TaÊ¿lÄ«l. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 1999.
Al-IsfahÄnÄ«, Aḥmad. BayÄn al-Mukhtaá¹£ar fÄ« Ê¿Ilmay al-Uṣūl wa al-Jadal. Vol. II. Cairo: DÄr al-ḤadÄ«th, 2006.
Al-JuwaynÄ«, Ê¿Abd AllÄh Ibn YÅ«suf. Al-BurhÄn fÄ« Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Vol. II. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 1997.
Al-RÄzÄ«, Fakhr al-DÄ«n. Al-Maḥṣūl fÄ« Ê¿Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Cairo: DÄr al-SalÄm, 2011.
Al-ShÄá¹ibÄ«, AbÅ« IsḥÄq. Al-MuwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-SharÄ«Ê¿ah. Vol. II. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿Ilmiyyah, 2005.
Al-ZarqÄ, Muḥammad, Sharḥ al-QawÄÊ»id al-Fiqhiyyah. Damaskus: DÄr al-Qalam,1989.
Al-ZuḥaylÄ«, Wahbah. Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-IslÄmÄ«. Vol. II. Damaskus: DÄr al Fikr, 2011.
Ali, Mukti, et al. Fiqh Kawin Anak: Membaca Ulang Teks Keagamaan Perkawinan Usia Anak-Anak. Jakarta: Rumah
Kitab, Ford Foundation, dan Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, 2015.
Ibn Ê¿Ä€shÅ«r, Muḥammad al-ṬÄhir. MaqÄá¹£id al-SharÄ«Ê¿ah al-IslÄmiyyah. ed. Muḥammad al-ḤabÄ«b Ibn al-KhÅ«jah. Doha: WizÄrah al-AwqÄf wa al-Shuʾūn al-IslÄmiyyah, 2004.
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Laws
Marriage Law Number 16 of 2019
Marriage Law Number 1 of 1974
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (Criminal Code Book)
Interviews
Baidori, Jambu Resident, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Burhan Al-Badri, Jambu Community Leader, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Heni, Jambu Resident, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Mahendra, Jambu Puskesmas Nurse, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Mawardi, Jambu Resident, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Suhairi, Head of Jambu Village, Tebo Ulu-Tebo District.
Sawadi, Jambu Religious Leader, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
Suhairi, Jambu Village Head, Tebo Ulu, Tebo.
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Published
2020-05-28
How to Cite
Kurniawan, E., Handesman, H., Rahmadi, R., & Najib, K. (2020). Early Marriage, Human Rights, and the Living Fiqh: A Maqasid al-ShariÊ»a Review. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 20(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v20i1.565
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Copyright (c) 2020 Edi Kurniawan, Handesman Handesman, Rahmadi Rahmadi, Khairun Najib
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
